Author: tdpel

  • IPMAN Discloses Adulterated Petrol Had Been Removed From Market

    Long gasoline lines that have recently appeared in Lagos, Abuja, and other regions of the country have been blamed on the distribution of contaminated products that have since been removed from the market, according to petroleum marketers.

    The queues may persist due to the ripple effect of the initial distribution of the product, according to Chinedu Okoronkwo, president of the Independent Petroleum Marketers Association of Nigeria (IPMAN), who revealed this Wednesday during an interview on Channels Television’s breakfast show, Sunrise Daily.

    “Off-spec petroleum was brought and people began to see some of the damages and the relevant authorities have come out plainly to explain what happened.

    “In the system, any destruction of maybe two or three days can escalate the issue for up to one week.

    I can tell you that the product has been removed from the market but the ripples caused are still there.

    I believe before the end of this week, everything should normalise,” the IPMAN boss said.

    He stressed that retailers have removed the contaminated petrol and the new products will soon be in full circulation.

    “The new products are coming, you can see that some stations have started selling but the problem caused is humongous, that is why we are suffering the effect,” Okonronkwo added.

    Also on the programme, the National President of the Petroleum Products Retail Outlets Owners Association of Nigeria (PETROAN), Billy Gillis-Harry said the effect of the adulterated fuel in circulation was mostly felt by the retailers.

    “It’s quite a big problem. The retail outlets felt it the most.

    It’s not something that we know before, we got to know about it after the fault,” Gillis-Harry said.

    He explained that the product when tested showed it is petrol but when exposed, it started having difficulties and it led to a public outcry.

    He, however, said efforts are ongoing and the retailers are working with the authorities to ensure that the compromised product is no longer in circulation.

    Following the resurgence of fuel queues in some parts of the country, the Federal Government on Tuesday announced that it has identified and subsequently dealt with the cause.

    The CEO of the Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Agency, Farouk Ahmed, said methanol quantity above Nigeria’s specification was discovered in a supply chain, which has since been isolated.

    Ahmed said while the quality control agencies of the government have swung into action, NNPC Limited and oil marketers have been directed to ensure a robust supply of petroleum products.

    Meanwhile, some parts of the country have continued to witness heavy traffic as motorists jostle for fuel in long queues.

  • Representatives Ask FG To Declare National Emergency On Ritual Killings

    The House of Representatives, alarmed by reports of ongoing ritual killings around the country, asked the federal government to declare a national emergency on the social vice Wednesday.

    It also requested Usman Baba Alkali, the Inspector-General of Police, to take immediate steps to boost surveillance and intelligence collection in order to find, apprehend, and prosecute the killers.

    The parliament also called on the National Orientation Agency, NOA, parents, heads of schools, religious leaders and the media to undertake a campaign to change the negative narrative bedeviling the society.

    The resolutions of the House came after it considered a motion, entitled: “Need to Curb the Rising Trend of Ritual Killings in Nigeria,” presented at plenary by the Deputy Minority Leader, Toby Okechukwu, under matters of urgent public importance.

    Presenting the motion, Okechukwu noted that the incidents of ritual killings had assumed an alarming rate in Nigeria in recent times.

  • Lithuanian beef imports suspended in China

    Lithuanian beef imports were suspended on Wednesday, according to China’s General Administration of Customs, which did not give a rationale for the decision.

    Meat imports are normally halted owing to illness outbreaks, according to the news agency, however Lithuania has not reported any to the World Organisation for Animal Health.

    Later, Lithuania’s cattle, dairy goods, and beer were legally barred from entering China by the General Administration of Customs.

    “Yesterday [Wednesday], we received a note on the suspension of exports from Lithuania to China,” Rosvaldas Gorbačiovas, spokesman for the Lithuania’s State Food and Veterinary Service, told BNS on Thursday.

    Mantas Staškevičius, head of the service, says it is the first time such a note came from Beijing, even though it has been blocking Lithuanian products for several months now.

    In his words, China cited a lack of documentation as the reason for suspending imports from Lithuania.

    “It’s very strange as we have provided and continue to provide all information they ask, just the way we work with non-EU countries.

    We have not received any note on any lack of documents or information from this country before,” he told BNS.

    “Representatives of China’s institutions carried out a remote audit on both beef and fish products in Lithuania in 2020.

    We were assessed fairly well, and all information was provided,” he added.

  • Russia Begins Military Drills in Belarus

    The joint exercises are not unusual, but the latest drills have been dubbed by NATO as Russia’s largest deployment to Belarus since the Cold War.

    Meanwhile, diplomatic efforts to end the Ukraine situation are still underway.

    On Thursday, Russian and Belarusian forces will begin a 10-day large-scale military drill in Belarus.

    The drills came amid escalating concerns over Russia’s force buildup near its Ukrainian border.

    The “Allied Resolve drills” are Russia’s largest deployment to ex-Soviet Belarus since the Cold War, according to NATO.

    The joint exercises are not unusual, but the latest drills have been dubbed by NATO as Russia’s largest deployment to Belarus since the Cold War.

    Meanwhile, diplomatic efforts to end the Ukraine situation are still underway.

    A 10-day large-scale military exercise between Russian and Belarusian forces has begun.

    NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg estimated the number of troops as being around 30,000.

    Carl Bildt, former Swedish prime minister and co-chair of the European Council on Foreign Relations, told DW the buildup of Russian troops near Ukraine “is the largest such buildup we have seen in Europe for decades.”

    It is unclear whether nuclear weapons would be part of the drills.

    According to Russia’s Defense Ministry, shortly before the military exercise started medium-range strategic bombers were on patrol over Belarus.

    Wolfgang Richter, a military expert at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP), told DW there was nothing unusual in such patrol flights: “the US does this as well, these are political signals.”

    He added that such flights are normally carried out without the involvement of nuclear weapons.

    “Iskander-M” rockets, which NATO says were brought to Belarus, can also be equipped with nuclear weapons.

    Richter pointed out that in Russia these weapons have so far been equipped with conventional weapons.

  • FG Promises to Look Into ASUU’s Grievances

    The Federal Government has again promised to address the threat by the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) to prevent it from going on strike.

    The Minister of Labour and Employment, Chris Ngige made the promise in an interview with Punch on Wednesday, February 9, 2022, in Abuja.

    Lately, members of the union have been threatening to embark on an indefinite strike over the failure of the Federal Government to honor some of the agreements it signed with them.

    Reacting to ASUU’s threats, Ngige said President Muhammadu Buhari has asked him and the Minister of Education, Adamu Adamu to step in and settle the union’s grievances.

    The Minister of Labour and Employment, Chris Ngige made the promise in an interview with Punch on Wednesday, February 9, 2022, in Abuja.

    Lately, members of the union have been threatening to embark on an indefinite strike over the failure of the Federal Government to honor some of the agreements it signed with them.

    Reacting to ASUU’s threats, Ngige said President Muhammadu Buhari has asked him and the Minister of Education, Adamu Adamu to step in and settle the union’s grievances.

    Recall that in 2020, Nigerian Universities were shut down for nine months and were not reopened until ASUU suspended its industrial action in December of that year.

    In 2021, the union threatened to go on an indefinite strike again but suspended the move following the payment of N22.1bn earned allowances and the release of N30bn revitalisation fund to the universities.

    The post FG Promises to Look Into ASUU’s Grievances appeared first on Lagos Television. Lagos News. Politics. Entertainment. Events..

  • UAE capital hosts Middle East’s most established desert rally as new world championship looks to future

    The Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge enters a new era next month when the Middle East’s most established cross-country rally takes place under the patronage of His Highness Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Ruler’s Representative in Al Dhafra Region.

     

    Just four months after completing its 30th anniversary edition, the event returns to form the second round of the new World Rally-Raid World Championship from 5-10 March, with all indications pointing to a bumper international entry.

    Providing a formidable test of nerve and concentration for competitors, the Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge was founded in 1991 by Mohammed Ben Sulayem, the new FIA President.

    For the first time this year, FIA and FIM cross-country rallying events are unified within a single world championship, as the two motor sport world governing bodies look to the future.

    New FIA technical regulations, for instance, see the arrival of rally cars designed to significantly reduce environmental impact, and there’s a focus on consistency in the way the five championship events are run to benefit competitors on four and two wheels from around the world.

    The bottom line is that cross-country rallying is at another level, with the world’s best drivers and riders, teams and manufacturers, coming together for an elite series of events and the global spotlight now falling on Abu Dhabi.

    “This would not have been possible without the enormous support we have received from the UAE authorities, and we would like to thank HH Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan for his consistent backing and encouragement,” said Khalid Bin Sulayem, the EMSO’s newly-elected President.

    “We have thirty years of history and achievements to look back on, but our priority is to help give cross country rallying a bright, long-term future.”

    The EMSO sees the appointment of Amaury Sport Organisation (A.S.O,) as promoter of the new world championship as a powerful move towards bigger and better entry levels in Abu Dhabi and across the championship.

    The EMSO has a close working relationship with A.S.O. which designs and organises top international sporting events from the Tour De France to the Dakar Rally, and was appointed two years ago as official TV production company for the Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge.

    In last month’s Dakar, opening round of the championship, Prodrive Hunters running on sustainable fuel took second and fourth places while cutting their greenhouse gas emissions by 80%.

    The route ahead is clear for car and bike makers, and the Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge is an ideal test ground for new technology, and an important step to determine the first World Rally-Raid champions.

    The event is once again based at the UAE capital’s F1 venue, Yas Marina Circuit, where the service park opens from 4th March prior to the start taking place at 7pm the following day.

    On 6th March, the rally heads out from Abu Dhabi across the Al Dhafra region’s spectacular desert landscape, with five stages of 264km, 318km, 270km, 257km and 217km added to road sections of 519km for an overall length of 1,917km.

  • Pandemic-related school closings likely to have far-reaching effects on child well-being

    A global analysis has found that kids whose schools closed to stop the spread of various waves of the coronavirus lost educational progress and are at increased risk of dropping out of school. As a result, the study says, they will earn less money from work over their lifetimes than they would have if schools had remained open.

    Educational researchers like me know these students will feel the effects of pandemic-related school closures for many years to come. Here are four other ways the closings have affected students’ well-being for the long term.

    1. Academic progress

    At the end of the 2020-2021 school year, most students were about four to five months behind where they should have been in math and reading, according to a July 2021 report by McKinsey and Co., a global management consulting firm.

    When the researchers looked at the data from fall 2021, though, they found students attending majority-white schools are catching up. But students from historically disadvantaged backgrounds – including those attending majority-Black or low-income schools – are falling further behind. As a result, students attending majority-Black schools are now estimated to be a full year behind those attending majority-white schools.

    Differences also can vary by grade level. High schools have been closed more total days than elementary schools. According to a recent news report, 2021 graduation rates dipped across the country, and some education leaders fear future graduating classes may be hit even harder. Schools have scrambled to provide options such as credit recovery to boost graduation rates, leaving concerns about the quality of learning.

    College and university leaders have been preparing for first-year students with less knowledge, weaker study habits and more difficulty concentrating than new college arrivals in past years.

    Children wearing masks sit on a classroom floor
    Schools are adapting their classroom procedures to prevent the spread of disease.
    AP Photo/Mary Altaffer

    2. Social-emotional development

    Even early in the pandemic, school closings were harming students’ social and emotional well-being, according to a review of 36 studies across 11 countries including the U.S. By summer 2021, teachers and administrators in the U.S. said students felt more emotional distress, disengagement, depression, anxiety and loneliness than in previous years.

    When schools resumed in fall 2021, large numbers of children in the U.S. had lost a primary caregiver over the previous year to COVID-19. A colleague and I raised concerns about the anxiety and grief those students would likely feel.

    In addition, 28% of all parents of children in grades K-12 are “very concerned” or “extremely concerned” about their child’s mental health and social and emotional well-being. That’s down from a high of 35% in spring 2021, but is still 7 percentage points higher than before the pandemic. Parents of Black and Hispanic students are 5 percentage points more likely to be worried than parents of white students.

    Schools and organizations have focused resources on supporting students’ social, emotional and mental health. The U.S. Department of Education, for example, recommends, based on research, that teachers integrate lessons around compassion and courage into classroom activities, and that schools establish wellness teams to help students.

    States have said they plan to address these needs with federal funds meant to help schools respond to the pandemic. In Connecticut, for example, school districts will hire additional mental health support staff, offer social-emotional programs and partner with local agencies to increase access to supports.

    Behavioral habits

    The return to in-person learning has been accompanied by school leaders’ reports of increasing student misbehavior and threats of violence. These increases were more likely to be reported in larger districts and where most students had engaged in remote or hybrid learning – rather than in-person instruction – during the prior school year.

    Viral social media “challenges” – like memes on TikTok suggesting students “smack a staff member” or skip school on a particular day – certainly aren’t helping educators provide safe and supportive environments.

    Parents’ distress is also affecting their children. Students whose parents are depressed, anxious, lonely and exhausted are more likely to misbehave in school – and that connection grew stronger during lockdown periods when schools were closed.

    Meanwhile, news reports show students are missing more school than they were before the pandemic, with more kids out for more than 15 days of a school year. Given links between chronic absenteeism and increased high school dropout rates, researchers warn this increase in missed school could lead between 1.7 million and 3.3 million students in eighth through 12th grade to not graduate on time.

    Physical health

    Adults have suffered hair loss, sore eyes, irritable bowels and skin flare-ups as a result of the pandemic. One study found that Chinese preschool children whose schools closed during the pandemic were shorter than preschoolers in previous years, though the researchers did not observe noteworthy differences in weight change.

    Schools can be a primary place for children to access physical activity and healthy food. Amid school closures, researchers are exploring the effects of losing out on these benefits. During lockdowns in Italy, children with obesity engaged in less physical activity, slept and used screens more and increased their consumption of potato chips and sugary drinks.

    In the U.S., 1 in 4 families with school-age children don’t have reliable access to food. Abrupt school closures cut off more than 30 million children from free and reduced-price lunches and breakfasts delivered at school.

    The U.S. Department of Agriculture, which oversees school food programs, provided waivers to let schools provide meals in ways that fit their students’ needs. In Connecticut, for example, researchers found that letting families know about wider availability and pickup sites for to-go school meals boosted the number of students who received food during the pandemic.

    [Over 140,000 readers rely on The Conversation’s newsletters to understand the world. Sign up today.]

    Time will tell if the costs of school closings will be worth the benefits. These early indicators show that decisions are not as simple as reducing the physical health risks of COVID-19. A full assessment would consider the effects across all aspects of child well-being, including how diverse populations are affected.

    Connection, collaboration and positive interaction are fundamental to healthy childhood growth and development. Working together, schools, families and communities can assess and address every child’s needs to reduce the lasting effects of school closings.

    The Conversation

    Sandra M. Chafouleas receives funding from the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Education, Connecticut State Department of Education, the Neag Foundation, and the Principal Foundation.

  • Chimpanzees rub insects on open wounds: here’s why it’s a fascinating discovery

    The chimpanzees of the Rekambo community in Gabon, West Africa never fail to surprise. For a start, they are known to kill and eat tortoises, which set them apart from any other community of chimpanzees. Now they have been seen displaying another unique behaviour – one which has never been seen before despite many years of painstaking research.

    In their new study published in the journal Current Biology, researchers have described how they saw Rekambo chimpanzees applying insects to their own open wounds, and, even more amazingly, to the wounds of other community members too.

    Even by itself, treating wounds with insects is a groundbreaking observation – but until now no other animal, apart from humans, has been seen treating the wounds of others.

    Humans have been using local remedies (such as roots, leaves, bark and other animals) as medicines for at least 5,000 years, a practice that has been passed down over generations within societies all over the world. There is some use of insects in traditional human medicine too. For example, leeches have been used to clean wounds, slugs and snails to treat inflammation, spider webs to dress wounds and termite pincers to inject medicine under the skin.

    Is it possible, perhaps, that such cultural use of plants and animals to treat injuries and illness was inherited from a common ape-like ancestor millions of years ago?

    Self-medication in animals

    As in humans, self-medication in wild animals is not uncommon –individuals from a diverse range of species, including chimpanzees, select particular plant foods that contain chemicals known to treat infection by parasites.

    For example, caterpillars ingest plant toxins when infected by parasitic flies and gorillas consume a wide variety of plants that contain known compounds important in human traditional medicines.

     

    Some species, such as wood ants, even anticipate infection, adding antimicrobial resin from nearby trees into their nests, which reduces the colony’s exposure to microbes.

    To date however, this widespread behaviour almost always centres on self-medication with plant material. Never before has the use of insects on wounds been observed.

    The groundbreaking chimpanzees

    Over a 15-month period, beginning in November 2019, the team observed 76 open wounds on 22 different chimpanzees. There were 22 events of insect application by ten different chimpanzees. On 19 occasions, various individuals were seen applying an insect to one of their own wounds. They caught an insect from the air, which they immobilised by squeezing between their lips. Then they placed it on an exposed surface of the wound and moved it around using their fingertips or lips. Finally, they extracted the insect from the wound.

    But the use of insects didn’t stop there. In a remarkable act of “allocare” (caring for another individual) a mother was seen applying insects to her offspring’s wound, and a further two adult chimpanzees treated the wounds of another community member.

    Why it’s important

    The researchers do not yet know which insects were used, if they have any associated chemical properties or, most importantly, whether applying them to wounds has any health benefits. But what they do know is that the chimpanzees’ behaviour is extraordinary for a variety of reasons.

    First, it’s likely an example of allo-medication behaviour (medicating others) in apes, which has never been seen before.

    The authors think this is a possible prosocial behaviour – defined as one that benefits another individual. Humans are characterised by our propensity to volunteer, share and cooperate among others – but whether other species, especially our closely related cousins, also exhibit this type of behaviour remains unclear. There is evidence for prosociality in captive bonobos (our other closest living relative) where they have been seen assisting an unfamiliar, non-group member to obtain food during an experimental task.

    But up to now, its presence in chimpanzees is contentious. The current study undoubtedly pushes the needle towards their sharing some prosocial tendencies with humans.

    Second, self-medication has long been associated with ingestion of plants with specific medicinal properties. In a recent study, orangutans were shown to mix saliva with leaves from plants containing anti-inflammatory properties and apply it to various parts of their body – the first recorded case of topical self-medication in animals.

    But never before have scientists observed chimpanzees (or any animal) essentially “treat” a wound, nor apply a different animal species to a wound.

    In that sense, the observations stand out for what these chimpanzees are doing and how. Commonly known as “anointment”, rubbing a material, object or substance on a bodily surface has been observed in numerous species. Mammals are especially known to rub themselves against trees and rocks or fruits and arthropods to pick up a particular scent, and birds have been seen to capture and rub millipedes on their plumage, probably to deter ticks. In primates, anointing behaviour is also widespread. It’s not yet clear whether Rekambo chimpanzees are in fact rubbing the insects. But as they are uniquely targeting open wounds, it does suggest that it could well be an act of medication.

    What’s next?

    Identification and analysis of the insect species used by Rekambo chimpanzees will be key to revealing the purpose and effectiveness of this newly reported medication behaviour. Perhaps the insects from Gabon will be revealed to have wound-healing or anti-inflammatory properties, just like the plants used by orangutans.

    Finally, although there can be little dispute about the cultural diversity in chimpanzees, the Rekambo chimpanzees continue to stand out for their uniqueness. It begs the question, what else do these chimpanzees have in store for us?

    The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

  • Partnering up can help you grow as an individual – here’s the psychology of a romantic relationship that expands the self

    It’s common to want to become a better version of yourself. Much like the desires to eat, drink and avoid harm, human beings also experience a fundamental need to learn, grow and improve – what psychologists call self-expansion.

    Consider your favorite activities. Things like reading a book, spending time in nature, volunteering with a new organization, taking a class, traveling, trying a new restaurant, exercising or watching a documentary all broaden the self. Those experiences add new knowledge, skills, perspectives and identities. When who you are as a person expands, you enhance your competence and capabilities and increase your ability to meet new challenges and accomplish new goals.

    Of course, you can achieve self-expansion on your own by trying new and interesting activities (like playing Wordle), learning new things (like advancing through a language app) or working on a skill (like practicing meditation). Research confirms that these kinds of activities help individuals expand themselves, which encourages them to put forth more effort on subsequent challenging tasks.

    Interestingly, romantic relationships can also be a key source of growth for people. As a relationship scientist for over 20 years, I’ve studied the effects all kinds of romantic relationships can have on the self. Today’s modern couples hold high expectations for a partner’s role in one’s own self-development.

    man and woman with musical instruments sit on couch
    You can hold onto what makes you your own person while learning from a partner’s strengths.
    beavera/iStock via Getty Images Plus

    Growing in your relationship

    Falling in love feels good, and spending time with a romantic partner is enjoyable, but love’s benefits run even deeper. People tend to value partners who help them become a better version of themselves.

    One way to optimize self-growth in your relationship is by sharing in your partner’s unique interests and skills. When “me” becomes “we,” partners blend their self-concepts and include the other in the self. That merging encourages partners to take on each other’s characteristics, quirks, interests and abilities to some extent. Romantic partners inevitably have different life experiences, knowledge bases, perspectives and skills. Each area is an opportunity for growth.

    For example, if your partner has a better sense of humor than you do, over time, yours will likely improve. If they have an eye for interior design, your ability to put together a room will evolve. A partner’s differing views on climate change, politics or religion will grant you new perspectives and a deeper understanding of those topics. Your relationship helps you become a better person.

    This isn’t to say that individuals should try to completely merge, running the risk of losing themselves. Rather, each person can maintain their own identity while augmenting it with desirable elements from their partner.

    Relationship consequences of more or less

    The science makes it abundantly clear that couples with more self-expansion are better relationships. Specifically, people who report more self-expansion in their relationship also report more passionate love, relationship satisfaction and commitment. It’s also associated with more physical affection, greater sexual desire, less conflict and couples being happier with their sex life.

    Because self-expansion is so critical, when expanding relationships end, participants describe feeling like they have lost a part of themselves. Importantly, when less-expanding relationships break up, individuals experience positive emotions and growth.

    When a relationship provides insufficient expansion, it can feel like it’s stuck in a rut. That stagnant malaise has consequences. Research finds that married couples who at one point indicated more boredom in their current relationship also reported less marital satisfaction nine years later. Insufficient relationship self-expansion also encourages people to have more of a wandering eye and pay more attention to alternative partners, increases susceptibility to cheating on one’s partner, lowers sexual desire and comes with a greater likelihood of breakup.

    man and woman relaxing on couch
    The self-expansion provided by a strong relationship has benefits for the relationship itself.
    MoMo Productions/DigitalVision via Getty Images

    How does your relationship measure up?

    Maybe you’re now wondering how your own relationship is doing on this front. To provide some insight, I created the Sustainable Marriage Quiz. On a scale from 1 to 7, with 1 being “very little” and 7 being “very much,” answer these questions:

    1. How much does being with your partner result in you having new experiences?
    2. When you are with your partner, do you feel a greater awareness of things because of them?
    3. How much does your partner increase your ability to accomplish new things?
    4. How much does your partner help to expand your sense of the kind of person you are?
    5. How much do you see your partner as a way to expand your own capabilities?
    6. How much do your partner’s strengths as a person (skills, abilities, etc.) compensate for some of your own weaknesses as a person?
    7. How much do you feel that you have a larger perspective on things because of your partner?
    8. How much has being with your partner resulted in your learning new things?
    9. How much has knowing your partner made you a better person?
    10. How much does your partner increase your knowledge?

    Before adding up your score, know that these categories are generalizations. They suggest where your relationship may need attention, but also where it’s already strong. Relationships are complicated, so you should see your score for what it is: one small piece of the puzzle about what makes your relationship work.

    • 60 and above – Highly Expansive. Your relationship provides lots of new experiences and helps you reach new goals. As a result, you likely have a more fulfilling and sustainable relationship.
    • 45 to 60 – Moderately Expanding. Your relationship has produced some new experiences and additions to your self-concept, but you have some room for improvement.
    • Below 45 — Low Expansion. Currently your relationship isn’t creating many opportunities to increase your knowledge or enhance you. Consequently you likely aren’t improving yourself as much as you could. Consider making an effort to seek out more new and interesting experiences with your partner. You may even rethink if this is the right partner for you.

    What makes a relationship great? While there are many factors to consider, one area deserves more attention: how much it helps you grow. A relationship that fosters self-expansion will make you want to be a better person, help you increase your knowledge, build your skills, enhance your capabilities and broaden your perspectives.

    [More than 140,000 readers get one of The Conversation’s informative newsletters. Join the list today.]

    The Conversation

    Gary W. Lewandowski Jr. does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

  • Fungal infections cause more Aids deaths than tuberculosis – here’s what we can do about it

    Even though annual deaths from Aids are coming down – from a peak of 1.9 million in 2004 to 690,000 in 2020 – that’s still way too many.

    In 2020, 214,000 people with Aids died of tuberculosis (TB), though only about 50% were confirmed cases while the rest were uncertain. More people probably die of fungal disease than of TB, both in the context of Aids and generally.

    As more and more people are treated for HIV infection, deaths will continue to come down.

    But the fall is slower than it should be, and the reason for the tardiness of this decrease in deaths is fungal disease.

    Fungal disease can lead to death before treatment for HIV can be prescribed and given time to work.

    The ideal is to find people with HIV early and treat the virus before they become ill with declining immunity.

    Unfortunately, this remains an aspiration in too many countries: late HIV diagnosis is almost the norm in many places, with 30% to 60% of newly discovered HIV infections already diagnosed with Aids and hugely damaged immune systems.

    Currently, resistance to anti-HIV drugs ranges from 5% to 30% in different countries.

    Unless doctors identify this and switch therapy for HIV, these people revert from improving to declining immunity. They then have an increased risk of severe infection, including fungal disease.

    Long-acting injectable anti-HIV drugs and new antiviral pills with a lower propensity for resistance are being introduced to address these resistant rates, but it will take years for the benefits to accrue.

    Here are three fungal infections where rapid diagnosis could make a real difference.

    Fungal meningitis

    One particularly lethal fungal infection is cryptococcal meningitis.

    The fungus is concentrated in pigeon droppings and found across the world.

    It infects people when breathed in. Normally, the immune system destroys it, but in Aids, it persists in the lung and then travels in the bloodstream to the brain. It takes only three to four weeks for this fungus to kill someone with Aids.

    Yet one of the best diagnostic tests – a ten-minute lateral flow costing about US$4 (£2.95) – can detect cryptococcal infection early, before meningitis sets in.

    Unfortunately, in many countries, HIV clinics and hospitals don’t yet use it and the consequences are grim: over 120,000 people die from fungal meningitis every year and 70% of those are avoidable.

    Fungal pneumonia

    Another devastating fungal infection is Pneumocystis pneumonia, or PCP, which is quite similar in some ways to COVID pneumonia: cough, increasing breathlessness, shortage of oxygen and similar shadows on the X-ray. In the early days of the HIV epidemic, about three in five people newly diagnosed with Aids had PCP, though now it is more like one in seven.

    Pneumocystis co-evolved with humans in the lungs and is passed from person to person with coughing. Babies with HIV are especially vulnerable to PCP, often with bacterial infection alongside (obscuring PCP).

    PCP is a tricky diagnosis to confirm in the laboratory and less than 15% of countries in Africa use the best test (or even any test) for diagnosis.

    Nearly 100,000 babies died of HIV/Aids in 2020, many assuredly from PCP, along with many adults, probably over 100,000 deaths.

    Fungus mimicking TB

    Bat and bird guano (poop) is full of a fungus called Histoplasma in most of the Americas, south-east Asia and parts of Africa. Between 25% and 60% of the population along the Mississippi River and other spots like Guatemala, Trinidad and Tobago, Dominican Republic and many others have breathed in this fungus without becoming ill.

    But if immunity fails, the fungus can re-activate (like TB) and travel silently to the bone marrow (causing low blood counts), liver, guts and skin, leading to death in two to three weeks from disseminated histoplasmosis.

    The importance of Histoplasma has only recently been realised thanks to a rapid urine test that detects a special sugar called galactomannan that the fungus releases in the body.

    A three-year programme for HIV and Aids patients in 13 HIV units in Guatemala found more people with disseminated histoplasmosis than either TB or cryptococcal meningitis. By screening for these infections, several salient lessons emerged.

    The number of confirmed TB patients went down year on year, and the survival of TB patients went up, implying that some of the previously suspected TB diagnoses were wrong and probably histoplasmosis. The number of cases of histoplasmosis went up year on year, and survival also increased.

    Overall, this diagnostic screening programme showed a decrease in HIV deaths of 7% from year one to year three. This was the first demonstration of the public health benefit of rapid fungal disease diagnosis.

    No one knows how many people with Aids develop histoplasmosis because testing is so scarce in most of the world.

    Recent data from Nigeria shows that, in some localities, histoplasmosis is more common than cryptococcal meningitis. A prior estimate of 100,000 cases and 80,000 deaths has been proposed, given the global distribution of Histoplasma.

    Deaths from TB and HIV co-infection

    The fall in deaths from TB and HIV co-infection from 570,000 in 2010 to 214,000 ten years later is a testament to improved case finding, more accurate tests, preventative therapy and better treatment completion rates.

    But now many HIV researchers are seeing more people dying who were thought to have TB, but their tests for TB are negative.

    Some of these people have an undiagnosed fungal disease.

    Often, the diagnosis of TB in HIV patients is elusive, with fewer and non-distinct lung shadows and no phlegm to test.

    A new urine test for TB with greater sensitivity will soon be available, which should allow more accurate TB diagnosis in the very patients in whom disseminated histoplasmosis is also most common.

    Overall, the three most common potentially fatal fungal infections far outnumber TB cases in HIV patients, especially when some “TB cases” are not TB at all.

    The general lack of rapid diagnosis of these three infections contributes to the death toll from Aids, and well over half of these deaths are avoidable.

    Dr Denning and family hold Founder shares in F2G Ltd, a University of Manchester spin-out antifungal discovery company, and share options in TFF Pharma. He acts or has recently acted as a consultant to Pulmatrix, Pulmocide, Biosergen, TFF Pharmaceuticals, Bright Angel Therapeutics, Pfizer and Cipla. He sits on the DSMB for a SARS CoV2 vaccine trial. In the last 3 years, he has been paid for talks on behalf of Hikma, Gilead, BioRad, Basilea, Mylan and Pfizer. He is a longstanding member of the Infectious Disease Society of America Aspergillosis Guidelines group, the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Aspergillosis Guidelines group. he is the unpaid Chief Executive of Global Action For Fungal Infections (GAFFI).